To this effect, it examines medieval Japanese swordsmanship and training manuals and also engages risk sports, where death is indeed a real possibility. It focuses on actual door die situations, not putative ones such as important business deals or competing for a medal. The novelty of the remedy is that it is designed to cross disciplinary boundaries between phenomenology, historiography, and hermeneutics, and moreover connects theory to praxis as it looks at Japanese dō (道), practices of self-cultivation. It identifies four core constitutive elements: A) disruptive proprioceptive and kinesthetic dynamics, B) a malfunctioning background or Jamesian fringe of consciousness, C) dislocated time dynamics, and D) emotional disturbances. The model describes the common structure of the choking experience. An overview of current empirical research and theoretical models highlights key ideas and points out contentious issues. It aims at describing the experience of choking as experience, and to discuss strategies to palliate or prevent its onset at the pragmatic level at which athletes engage the phenomenon experientially. This article develops a phenomenological model that, complementing empirical and theoretical research, helps understand and redress choking. Choking is a complex phenomenon with many intersecting facets: its dysfunctions result from the multifaceted interaction of cognitive and psychological processes, neurophysiological mechanisms, and phenomenological dynamics. Functionally, and reduced to its simplest expression, choking is severe underperformance when engaging already mastered skills. Choking throws a wrench in the works of finely tuned performances. Excellent performance in sport involves specialized and refined skills within very narrow applications.
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